What Are Normal Blood Sugar Levels? Understanding Your A1C and Blood Sugar Chart

Understanding your blood sugar levels is critical for managing your overall health, especially if you have diabetes or are at risk of developing it. Knowing what's considered normal, what constitutes high or low blood sugar, and how your A1C levels relate to these figures can empower you to take proactive steps toward maintaining your well-being. In this article, we'll delve into the intricacies of blood sugar levels, providing you with a comprehensive overview of what you need to know.

Why Blood Sugar Levels Matter

Blood sugar, or glucose, is the primary source of energy for your body. It comes from the food you eat. Your pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. If you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it produces. This can lead to high blood sugar levels, which over time, can cause serious health problems, including heart disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision problems. Maintaining normal blood sugar levels is therefore crucial for preventing these complications.

Defining Normal Blood Sugar Levels

Normal blood sugar levels vary throughout the day and depend on factors such as when you last ate. Here’s a general guideline for target blood sugar levels for adults with diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association:

• Before a meal (fasting blood sugar): 80-130 mg/dL
• Two hours after starting a meal: Less than 180 mg/dL

These are general guidelines, and individual targets may vary based on a person's age, overall health, and other medical conditions. It's crucial to work with your healthcare provider to establish personalized blood sugar goals.

Understanding the Measurements: mg/dL and mmol/L

Blood sugar levels are typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). In the United States, mg/dL is the standard unit. Most other countries use mmol/L. To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, divide the mg/dL value by 18. For example, 100 mg/dL is approximately equal to 5.5 mmol/L.

Normal Blood Sugar Levels Chart

Below is an illustrative chart showing target blood sugar ranges for individuals both with and without diabetes. Note that these are general guidelines, and individual needs may vary.

Category	Fasting Blood Sugar (mg/dL)	2-Hour Postprandial (mg/dL)	A1C (%)
Normal (No Diabetes)	Less than 100	Less than 140	Less than 5.7
Pre-diabetes	100-125	140-199	5.7-6.4
Diabetes	126 or higher	200 or higher	6.5 or higher

Understanding the A1C Test

The A1C test is a blood test that reflects your average blood sugar levels over the past 2 to 3 months. It measures what percentage of your hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) is coated with sugar (glycated). The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin will be glycated.

A1C Goals

• Normal: Less than 5.7%
• Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
• Diabetes: 6.5% or higher

For people with diabetes, the target A1C level is generally less than 7%, but this may be individualized by your healthcare provider based on factors such as age and other health conditions.

Why A1C Matters

The A1C test provides a more comprehensive overview of your blood sugar control than a single blood sugar reading. It helps you and your healthcare provider assess how well your diabetes treatment plan is working. Regularly monitoring your A1C levels can help you make informed decisions about your diet, exercise, and medication. A Beginner S Guide To Using A Blood Sugar Test For Glucose Monitoring

Factors That Influence Blood Sugar Levels

Several factors can impact your blood sugar control, including:

• Diet: The types and amount of carbohydrates you consume have a direct impact on blood sugar levels.
• Physical Activity: Exercise helps lower blood sugar by allowing your cells to use glucose more effectively.
• Medications: Insulin and other diabetes medications are designed to lower blood sugar.
• Stress: Stress hormones can raise blood sugar levels.
• Illness: Being sick can also affect blood sugar levels.
• Dehydration: Being dehydrated may cause your blood sugar to rise.
• Sleep: Lack of sleep and poor sleep habits have been linked to blood sugar spikes.

Monitoring Your Blood Sugar

Regular blood sugar monitoring is essential for managing diabetes effectively. This involves using a blood glucose meter to check your blood sugar levels at various times throughout the day. Your healthcare provider will advise you on how often to check your blood sugar and what to do if your levels are too high or too low. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are also available, providing real-time tracking of blood sugar levels.

How to Check Your Blood Sugar

1. Wash your hands thoroughly.
2. Insert a test strip into your glucose meter.
3. Use a lancing device to prick your fingertip.
4. Gently squeeze your finger to obtain a small drop of blood.
5. Touch the blood to the test strip.
6. Wait for the meter to display your blood sugar reading.
7. Record the reading in a logbook or app.

Addressing High and Low Blood Sugar

Knowing how to recognize and manage high and low blood sugar is critical for preventing complications. Why Is My Morning Blood Sugar So High A Guide To Your Fasting Blood Sugar

Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)

Symptoms of high blood sugar include:

• Frequent urination
• Increased thirst
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Headaches

If your blood sugar is high, you may need to adjust your medication, diet, or exercise routine. Staying hydrated and avoiding sugary drinks can also help. How To Manage Blood Sugar And Improve Your Type 2 Diabetes Control

Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

Symptoms of low blood sugar include:

• Shakiness
• Sweating
• Dizziness
• Hunger
• Confusion
• Irritability

If your blood sugar is low, you need to quickly raise it by consuming a source of fast-acting carbohydrates, such as glucose tablets, fruit juice, or regular soda. Follow up with a longer-acting carbohydrate source, such as crackers or a piece of fruit.

Tips for Maintaining Normal Blood Sugar Levels

Here are some practical tips for maintaining normal blood sugar levels:

• Follow a Healthy Diet: Focus on whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains. Limit your intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and saturated fats.
• Exercise Regularly: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week.
• Monitor Your Blood Sugar: Check your blood sugar regularly and keep a record of your readings.
• Take Medications as Prescribed: Adhere to your medication schedule and dosage.
• Manage Stress: Practice relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing.
• Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day.
• Get Enough Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night.
• Work with a Healthcare Team: Consult with your doctor, a registered dietitian, and a certified diabetes educator for personalized guidance.

Conclusion

Understanding your blood sugar levels, A1C, and the factors that influence them is crucial for maintaining good health, especially if you are at risk of or have diabetes. By monitoring your blood sugar, following a healthy lifestyle, and working closely with your healthcare provider, you can effectively manage your blood sugar levels and reduce your risk of complications. Remember, consistent efforts toward maintaining healthy blood sugar will contribute significantly to your long-term well-being.

By Dan Echols, M.D.