High vs. Low Blood Sugar Symptoms: How to Tell the Difference Quickly

Maintaining stable blood sugar levels is crucial for overall health, especially for individuals with diabetes. Both high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can cause a range of symptoms that can significantly impact daily life. Understanding the difference between these symptoms and knowing how to respond promptly is vital for managing blood sugar effectively and preventing serious health complications. Simple Swaps To Help Regulate Blood Sugar Today

What is Blood Sugar and Why Does It Matter?

Blood sugar, or glucose, is the primary source of energy for the body's cells. It comes from the food we eat. The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. When blood sugar levels are consistently too high or too low, it can indicate problems with insulin production or usage, leading to conditions like diabetes.

Understanding Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)

Hyperglycemia occurs when there is too much glucose in the blood. This can happen for various reasons, including:

• Not taking enough insulin (for those who use it)
• Eating too many carbohydrates
• Lack of physical activity
• Illness or infection
• Stress

Common Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Recognizing the symptoms of hyperglycemia is the first step in managing it effectively. Here are some key indicators:

• Frequent Urination: The kidneys try to filter out excess glucose, leading to increased urine production.
• Increased Thirst: Due to fluid loss from frequent urination, you may feel extremely thirsty.
• Blurred Vision: High blood sugar can affect the lens of the eye, causing temporary blurred vision.
• Fatigue: Cells aren't getting the energy they need, leading to feelings of tiredness and weakness.
• Headaches: Changes in blood sugar levels can trigger headaches.
• Slow-Healing Cuts and Sores: High glucose levels can impair the body's ability to heal.
• Dry and Itchy Skin: Dehydration due to frequent urination can cause dry skin, leading to itching.

Long-Term Effects of Untreated Hyperglycemia

If hyperglycemia is left unmanaged for an extended period, it can lead to serious complications such as:

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): A life-threatening condition where the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.
• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): Another severe condition marked by extremely high blood sugar levels and dehydration.
• Damage to Blood Vessels: Over time, high blood sugar can damage the blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and nerve damage (neuropathy).
• Eye Damage (Retinopathy): Damage to the blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to vision loss.

Understanding Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level drops too low, usually below 70 mg/dL. This can happen due to:

• Taking too much insulin (for those who use it)
• Skipping meals or not eating enough carbohydrates
• Intense physical activity without adequate carbohydrate intake
• Drinking alcohol, especially on an empty stomach
• Certain medications

Common Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia can manifest quickly, and recognizing the symptoms is crucial to preventing a severe drop in blood sugar. Here are some key indicators: Creating A Diet Plan For Type 2 Diabetes A Beginner S Guide

• Shakiness or Trembling: This is a common early sign of low blood sugar.
• Sweating: Especially cold sweats.
• Dizziness or Lightheadedness: Due to the brain not getting enough glucose.
• Hunger: Intense feelings of hunger.
• Irritability or Anxiety: Changes in blood sugar can affect mood.
• Confusion or Difficulty Concentrating: The brain needs glucose to function properly.
• Rapid Heartbeat: The body releases adrenaline in response to low blood sugar.
• Blurred Vision: Similar to hyperglycemia, low blood sugar can also affect vision.
• Weakness: Overall feeling of being weak and lacking energy.

Severe Hypoglycemia

If hypoglycemia is not treated promptly, it can progress to severe symptoms, including:

• Loss of Consciousness: The brain is deprived of glucose, leading to fainting.
• Seizures: Severe low blood sugar can trigger seizures.
• Coma: In extreme cases, hypoglycemia can lead to a coma.

Side-by-Side Comparison: High vs. Low Blood Sugar Symptoms

To quickly differentiate between high blood sugar and low blood sugar symptoms, here's a comparative table:

Symptom	High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia)	Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
Urination	Frequent	Normal
Thirst	Increased	Normal
Vision	Blurred	Blurred
Fatigue	Present	Present
Shakiness	Absent	Present
Sweating	Absent	Present (Cold Sweats)
Hunger	May be present	Intense
Irritability/Anxiety	Present	Present
Confusion	Present	Present
Headache	Present	May be present

What to Do If You Experience Symptoms

The actions you should take depend on whether you're experiencing hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

Responding to Hyperglycemia

1. Check Your Blood Sugar: Use a blood glucose meter to confirm that your blood sugar is high.
2. Take Insulin (If Applicable): If you take insulin, administer the correct dose as prescribed by your doctor.
3. Drink Water: Staying hydrated helps your kidneys flush out excess glucose.
4. Exercise (If Appropriate): Light exercise can help lower blood sugar, but avoid it if you have ketones in your urine, as this could worsen the condition. Consult with your healthcare provider on the best approach for your situation.
5. Monitor Your Blood Sugar: Continue to check your blood sugar regularly until it returns to a normal range.
6. Contact Your Doctor: If your blood sugar remains high or if you have symptoms of DKA or HHS (such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, or difficulty breathing), seek medical attention immediately.

Responding to Hypoglycemia

The "15-15 Rule" is a widely recommended method for treating hypoglycemia:

1. Check Your Blood Sugar: Use a blood glucose meter to confirm that your blood sugar is low.
2. Consume 15 Grams of Fast-Acting Carbohydrates: Examples include:
   • 4 ounces (1/2 cup) of juice or regular (non-diet) soda
   • 1 tablespoon of sugar, honey, or corn syrup
   • 3-4 glucose tablets
3. Wait 15 Minutes: Allow the carbohydrates to raise your blood sugar.
4. Recheck Your Blood Sugar: After 15 minutes, recheck your blood sugar. If it's still below 70 mg/dL, repeat steps 2 and 3.
5. Eat a Meal or Snack: Once your blood sugar is above 70 mg/dL, eat a meal or snack to prevent it from dropping again. Choose something that contains both carbohydrates and protein, such as crackers with peanut butter or cheese.

Important Considerations:

• If you become unconscious or are unable to swallow, someone should administer glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar), if available, and call for emergency medical assistance.
• Carry a source of fast-acting carbohydrates with you at all times in case of hypoglycemia.
• Inform family members, friends, and coworkers about your condition and what to do in case you experience severe hypoglycemia.

Prevention is Key

While knowing how to respond to high and low blood sugar is essential, preventing these situations is even more important. Here are some tips for maintaining stable blood sugar levels:

• Follow Your Meal Plan: Work with a registered dietitian or diabetes educator to develop a meal plan that meets your individual needs.
• Monitor Your Blood Sugar Regularly: Check your blood sugar as directed by your healthcare provider.
• Take Medications as Prescribed: If you take insulin or other medications for diabetes, follow your doctor's instructions carefully.
• Exercise Regularly: Physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar.
• Manage Stress: Stress can affect blood sugar levels, so find healthy ways to manage stress, such as exercise, meditation, or spending time with loved ones.
• Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day.
• Limit Alcohol Consumption: If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation and always with food.

The Importance of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems can be incredibly beneficial for managing blood sugar levels. These devices track your blood sugar in real-time, providing valuable data that can help you identify trends and patterns. CGMs can also alert you when your blood sugar is trending too high or too low, allowing you to take proactive steps to prevent hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Talk to your doctor about whether a CGM is right for you. The Simple Evening Routine To Regulate Blood Sugar Overnight

Conclusion

Recognizing the symptoms of high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and understanding how to respond quickly is crucial for managing diabetes effectively and preventing serious complications. By monitoring your blood sugar regularly, following a healthy lifestyle, and working closely with your healthcare team, you can maintain stable blood sugar levels and improve your overall health and well-being. Knowing the difference between the symptoms and acting accordingly can make a significant difference in managing your blood sugar effectively.

By Arpitha K. Ketty, M.D.