Understanding the Link Between Seasonal Flu and Blood Glucose

The seasonal flu, a common respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses, can significantly impact blood glucose levels, especially for individuals with diabetes. It’s crucial to understand how these two factors are interconnected for effective management. When your body is fighting off an infection, like the flu, it releases stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones help your body cope but can also lead to insulin resistance, meaning that your body's cells don’t respond to insulin as effectively. This results in higher-than-normal blood sugar levels, making it harder to maintain your target range. This is even more challenging high blood sugar after surgery for people with type 1 diabetes because they don't produce insulin to compensate for the resistance.

Why Does the Flu Affect Blood Glucose Levels?

• Stress Hormones: are beets good for blood sugar As mentioned above, the body releases hormones like cortisol, which elevates blood glucose.
• Inflammation: The inflammatory response from fighting the flu can also contribute to insulin resistance and altered blood glucose.
• Reduced Activity: People often decrease their physical activity levels while sick, which can also affect blood sugar levels.
• Changes in Eating Habits: Loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting, common flu symptoms, can also alter diet and contribute to irregular blood glucose.
• Dehydration: Vomiting and diarrhea, symptoms of some types of flu, can lead to dehydration, which can affect blood sugar levels, leading to either high or low.

Factor	Impact on Blood Glucose
Stress Hormones	Increase in Blood Sugar
Inflammation	Increase in Blood Sugar
Reduced Activity	Increase in Blood Sugar
Changed Eating Habits	Unpredictable fluctuation
Dehydration	Fluctuating Blood Sugar levels

It’s essential to monitor your blood glucose levels more frequently than usual when you have the flu. This proactive approach can help you adjust your medication and diet to keep your levels within the target range and minimize complications.

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Recommended Blood Glucose Chart During Flu

Managing blood glucose during the seasonal flu requires close monitoring. A blood glucose chart can be a great tool for tracking fluctuations, providing valuable insights and patterns. This data assists you, as well as your health care provider in adjusting medication or lifestyle to avoid dangerous conditions. The ideal range is often between 80 and 130 mg/dL before meals, and less than 180 mg/dL two hours after starting a meal, but this should be confirmed with your personal doctor or a registered dietitian. The chart helps you note levels and helps to prevent extreme fluctuations. You must consult your doctor to determine your individual goals and parameters for a customized management plan. Below is a typical recommendation that needs to be customized per individual.

Time of Day	Target Range (mg/dL)	Action Plan (if out of range)
Before Breakfast	80-130	If >130: Take corrective action according to doctor's orders. If <80: Consume small snack.
Before Lunch	80-130	If >130: Take corrective action according to doctor's orders. If <80: Consume small snack.
Before Dinner	80-130	If >130: Take corrective action according to doctor's orders. If <80: Consume small snack.
Two Hours After Meals	<180	If >180: Check with doctor and adjust dose. If not improving, contact doctor immediately.
Bedtime	90-150	If >150: Consider additional correction insulin per doctor’s instructions.
Overnight	90-150	If >150 consistently, check with your doctor. If <90, have a snack and recheck

• Frequency: During the flu, test your blood sugar at least every four hours, ideally more often, as directed by your healthcare provider.
• Recording: Maintain a log to note the results. Include additional notes like what you ate, any medications taken, and any symptoms experienced (fever, chills, nausea, etc).

Practical Tips

• Hydrate: Keep fluids at a level that matches loss due to illness.
• Meal Management: Aim for a small, frequent, consistent diet of balanced healthy foods. Consult a dietitian or certified diabetes educator (CDE) for personalized advice on diet for diabetes and illness.
• Medication adjustments: Be prepared to adjust medication based on fluctuations in blood sugar. Do so in accordance with your doctor's recommendations.

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Managing Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia During the Flu

Fluctuations in blood glucose during illness can lead to both hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Knowing how to recognize and manage these conditions is critical for staying safe.

Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

• Symptoms: Shakiness, sweating, dizziness, confusion, headache, hunger, weakness, rapid heartbeat.
• Causes: Reduced appetite, inconsistent eating habits, excessive medication or insulin for blood sugar correction, and sometimes even from medications used to treat the flu.
• Action Plan:
  • Immediately consume 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., glucose tablets, juice, regular soda).
  • Wait 15 minutes, then recheck blood glucose. If it remains low, repeat this process.
  • Once in a safe range, have a small, balanced meal.
  • If hypoglycemia occurs frequently, you need to discuss the cause with a professional.

Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)

• Symptoms: sudden increase in blood sugar level Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and sometimes nausea, abdominal pain or fruity-smelling breath.
• Causes: Illness, dehydration, stress hormones, dietary choices and inappropriate or insufficient insulin therapy.
• Action Plan:
  • Consult doctor immediately.
  • Increase fluid intake to address any dehydration.
  • Consider adjusting insulin according to doctor’s recommendations.

Condition	Symptoms	Immediate Action
Hypoglycemia	Shakiness, dizziness, confusion	15-20 g of fast-acting carbs
Hyperglycemia	Thirst, fatigue, blurred vision	Adjust insulin with doctors orders, Drink water

Important Note: If you have symptoms of severe hyperglycemia, particularly with nausea, fruity breath odor, or are unable to keep liquids down, get medical help right away.

Proactive Steps and When to Seek Professional Help

While a blood glucose chart provides a clear roadmap for management during illness, it’s equally essential to take preventive measures and know when to contact a doctor.

Proactive Steps

1. Flu Vaccination: Getting the annual flu vaccine reduces your risk of contracting influenza and lowers the severity of illness, making blood glucose management easier.
2. Maintain a Sick-Day Plan: Having a plan in place before you get sick is important. Your plan should include guidance on blood sugar monitoring frequency, medication and insulin dosage adjustments, hydration and nutritional recommendations. This should be customized and reviewed regularly by your doctor or a diabetes educator.
3. Stock Supplies: Keep all blood glucose testing supplies, medications, fast-acting glucose, hydration solutions and nutritional supplements readily available so you're prepared to address changes in your levels, or any nutritional issues.

When to Seek Medical Attention

• Persistent or severe symptoms of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, especially if you cannot keep liquids down, cannot treat with at-home measures, or your condition worsens.
• Inability to eat, drink, or retain medications.
• Flu symptoms that do not improve, especially with fever over 101°F (38.3°C) lasting for several days.
• Signs of dehydration, like reduced urination, dizziness, or confusion.
• Any other concerns that have not been discussed in your sick day plan, or questions about changes in blood sugar levels, medication or food.

By staying informed, prepared, and proactive, you can successfully manage your blood glucose levels during the seasonal flu and minimize complications.

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